Evironmental Law: Enforcement Measures And Effectiveness

Evironmental Law: Enforcement Measures and Effectiveness


     Pollution,  why is it still running rampant in our environment today ?

Are there no  laws to control or stop it ?  In regards to these questions,

Canada has a great many laws to stop and regulate pollution.  But despite this,

why is it still happening.  What are Canada's so called enforcement measures and

are they effective ?  We have the Environmental Bill of Rights and the Canadian

Environmental Protection Act,  just to name a few.   Sure some polluters break

these laws and get caught, but all they get is a slap on the wrist;  why is that

?  Some even have the gual to pollute again.   Acid rain and hazardous wastes

are just two of the many problems plaguing our environment today, but nothing is

really being done about them;  why ?   Finally what is the polluters point of

view in all of this ?

     To begin with, in some areas there are both federal and provincial

legislation to ensure that companies and individuals respect the environment.

Federally the central piece of legislation in Canada is the Canadian

Environmental Protection Act (CEPA).  "CEPA is the consolidation of five

statutes:  The Environmental Contaminants Act, the Air Quality Act, the Canada

Water Act, the Ocean Dumping Act, and the Department of the Environment Act."  (

Muldon, 1995, p. 23)  The CEPA contains important penalties and sanctions;

provisions for the collection of information and for evaluation; provisions for

the control of importation and exportation of toxic substances; and provisions

for the reduction of wastes, the cleanup of coastal zones, the protection of the

ozone layer; the reduction of acid rain and urban smog; and provisions for the

development of regulations. All provinces and territories have enacted their

own legislation, establishing general environmental rights and responsibilities;

but the level of environmental protection established is not equal all across

Canada. Generally, it can be said that each province and territory regulates the

discharge of contaminants into the environment by requiring licenses and permits

and by invoking penalties. The regulated matters include environmental impact

assessment, waste management, drinkable water standards, and land conservation.

(Morrison, 1991, p24)  Also, provinces and territories deal with several other

matters indirectly affecting the environment, such as the regulation of

commercial or industrial activities like mining, agriculture, and transportation.

 In Ontario,  the four main statutes are the Ontario Environmental Protection

Act (OEPA), the Ontario Environmental Bill of Rights (EBR), the Ontario

Environmental Assessment Act, and the Ontario Water Resources Act (OWRA). OEPA

provides for the protection of the natural environment, which is defined very

broadly. It also creates the Environmental Appeal Board.  "OWRA is concerned

with the protection of all surface waters and ground waters. Both acts prohibit

the discharge of a contaminant into the natural environment that causes or is

likely to cause an adverse effect or that impairs or is likely to impair the

quality of the water."  (Morrison, 1991, p. 33) The Ontario Environmental Bill

of Rights provides for increased public participation rights and creates the

Environmental Bill of Rights Commissioner.   Moreover the EBR was established in

1993.  "It represents a new era in environmental decision making...one

characterized by enhanced public participation, citizen empowerment, and greater

accountability of decision makers."  (Muldon, 1995, p.15)  The new rights and

responsibilities in the legislation require politicians, policy makers, lawyers,

activists, and citizens to rethink and modify their usual ways of looking at

environmental problems.  It is hoped that the EBR will promote positive

strategies such as waste reduction, energy and water conservation, and "green"

industry development.  (Muldon, 1995, p.16)  Finally, there are also many

specific laws dealing with specific industr
This is ONLY a preview of the article. If you would like to view the entire document, you must subscribe to Academic Library. Please register below now!









Subscribe to Academic Library
When you subscribe to the Academic Library, you get 24-hour access to the online database containing full-text articles written by thousands of scholarly students. For only $8.95 per month, you receive unlimited monthly access to view and download all of our 40,000 articles available online. That is less than the price of one textbook!
This price includes:

24-hours-a-day, 7 days a week unlimited access on any computer with Internet access
Complete access to all 40,000 articles, essays, and research papers
Ability to view and download virtually unlimited number of documents
Ability to browse through perfectly arranged catalog of articles
Superior search and relevancy ranking techniques using Google SiteSearch and our local search engine
Instant access to the online database after registration


You can pay by credit card, checking account. You get instant access after registration:


You will be billed $ 8.95 every 30 days (recurring billing) starting on the day you subscribe.

Your credit card will automatically be renewed for your convenience until you cancel.




If you are already registered, please click here to login.